Evidence for using ketamine to treat substance use disorders is still evolving but promising. Key findings by condition:
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
A 2022 Phase 2 trial (Grabski et al., Am J Psychiatry. 2022;179(2):152-162) of 96 people with severe AUD found that three IV ketamine infusions (0.8 mg/kg over 40 minutes) plus therapy led to more days abstinent and fewer relapses at 6 months than control conditions. A 2023 systematic review of 11 studies (854 adults) concluded that ketamine, especially combined with psychotherapy, showed favorable results for abstinence and reduced alcohol consumption.
Efficacy: Days of Abstinence
The primary challenge in treating AUD is maintaining sobriety after detox. The study found that patients receiving ketamine infusions combined with therapy had a significantly higher percentage of days abstinent over the 6-month follow-up period compared to the placebo group.
Key finding: The odds of relapse were significantly lower in the ketamine group, suggesting a powerful biological "reset" effect.
Opioid Use Disorder (OUD)
A 2025 scoping review (Shen et al., Front Psychiatry. 2025;16:1552084) and other research on ketamine-assisted psychotherapy for heroin dependence have reported higher abstinence rates with repeated sessions compared to a single treatment. Ketamine may also help manage withdrawal and support transition to non-opioid medications (e.g., naltrexone) in some protocols.
Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD)
In a randomized clinical trial (Dakwar et al., Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(11):923-930), a single ketamine infusion plus mindfulness-based therapy led to significantly more abstinence and lower relapse risk compared to a control. Craving scores were substantially lower in the ketamine group. There is no FDA-approved medication for cocaine use disorder; ketamine is being studied as a potential option.
Overall, reviews emphasize that ketamine plus psychotherapy may help promote abstinence and reduce use in alcohol and cocaine use disorders, but data remain limited and protocols are still being refined. Using ketamine to treat substance use disorders is an off-label use and should be part of an individualized, comprehensive care plan.